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Norwegian is a North Germanic code talked generally inside Norway, where it's the official code. These Scandinavian languages together with all the Faroese code plus Icelandic code, plus certain extinct languages, constitute the North Germanic languages. As established by law plus governmental

Norwegian is a North Germanic code talked generally inside Norway, where it's the official code. Together with Swedish plus Danish, Norwegian types a continuum of almost mutually intelligible localized plus territorial variants.

These Scandinavian languages together with all the Faroese code plus Icelandic code, plus certain extinct languages, constitute the North Germanic languages. Faroese plus Icelandic are barely mutually intelligible with Norwegian inside their spoken shape, considering continental Scandinavian has diverged from them.

As established by law plus governmental plan, there are 2 official types of created Norwegian – Bokmål plus Nynorsk. The Norwegian Language Council is responsible for regulating the 2 types, plus suggests the terms "Norwegian Bokmål" plus "Norwegian Nynorsk" inside English. Two alternative created types without official status furthermore exist. The main 1 being Riksmål, that is somewhat closer with the Danish code, however, now is with a big extent the same code because Bokmål. It is regulated by the Norwegian Academy, that translates the name because "Standard Norwegian". The additional being Høgnorsk which is a more purist shape of Nynorsk, that maintains the code inside an authentic shape because provided by Ivar Aasen plus rejects nearly all of the reforms within the 20th century. This shape of Nynorsk has fairly limited utilize.

There is not any officially sanctioned standard of spoken Norwegian, plus many Norwegians talk their own dialect in every circumstances. The sociolect of the urban upper plus center class inside East Norway is considered a de facto spoken standard for Bokmål considering it adopted several characteristics from Danish whenever Norway was beneath Danish tip. This so-called standard østnorsk is the shape commonly taught with foreign pupils.

From the 16th with the 19th decades, Danish was the standard created code of Norway. As a happen, the development of contemporary created Norwegian has been topic with sturdy controversy connected with nationalism, remote vs urban discourse, plus Norway's literary history. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianised range of Danish, whilst Nynorsk is a code shape based about Norwegian dialects plus puristic opposition with Danish. The today abandoned official plan with merge Bokmål plus Nynorsk into 1 usual code called Samnorsk from the series of spelling reforms has built a broad spectrum of types of both Bokmål plus Nynorsk. The unofficial shape recognised as Riksmål is considered more traditional than Bokmål, as well as the unofficial Høgnorsk more traditional than Nynorsk.

Norwegians are educated inside both Bokmål plus Nynorsk. A 2005 poll indicates which 86.3% employ generally Bokmål because their daily created code, 5.5% employ both Bokmål plus Nynorsk, plus 7.5% employ generally Nynorsk. So 13% are frequently composing Nynorsk, though most talk dialects which resemble Nynorsk more carefully than Bokmål. Broadly talking, Nynorsk writing is popular inside Western Norway, though not inside main urban regions, and inside the upper components of mountain valleys inside the southern plus eastern components of Norway. Examples are Setesdal, the western element of Telemark county plus many municipalities inside Hallingdal, Valdres plus Gudbrandsdalen. It is little employed elsewhere, however, 30–40 years ago it additionally had strongholds inside countless remote components of Trøndelag as well as the south element of Northern Norway. Today, not just is Nynorsk the official code of 4 of the 19 Norwegian counties, and of various municipalities inside 5 additional counties. The Norwegian broadcasting corporation broadcasts inside both Bokmål plus Nynorsk, plus all governmental agencies are necessary with help both created languages. Bokmål is employed inside 92% of all created magazines, Nynorsk inside 8%.

Norwegian is regarded as the functioning languages of the Nordic Council. Under the Nordic Language Convention, residents of the Nordic nations that talk Norwegian have the chance with utilize their native code whenever interacting with official bodies inside additional Nordic nations without being liable with any interpretation or translation bills.

Old Norwegianalnorsk) is an early shape of the Norwegian code which was talked amongst the 11th plus 14th century; it happens to be a transitional stage between Old West Norse plus Middle Norwegian. Its distinction from Old West Norse is a matter of convention.

The most significant early variations between Old Norwegian plus Old Icelandic is the fact that h inside the consonant combinations hl-, hn- plus hr- was lost inside Old Norwegian about the 11th century, whilst being preserved inside Old Icelandic. Thus, one has e.g. Old Icelandic hlíð 'slope', hníga 'curtsey' plus hringr 'ring' versus Old Norwegian líð, níga plus ringr, respectively. Old Norwegian had an alternative double initial individual pronoun, mit, with the Common Norse vit.

The plagues which decimated Europe inside the Middle Ages came with Norway inside 1349, eliminating over 60% of the population. This possibly precipitated the active task of code development. The code inside Norway following 1350 as much as regarding 1550 is usually called Middle Norwegian. The code went from many changes: the grammar was simplified, including the abandonment of grammatical situations as well as the reduction of individual inflection of verbs. A vowel reduction furthermore took region, inside certain dialects, including inside components of Norway, reducing most last vowels inside a word with a prevalent "e".

The phonemic repertoire moreover underwent changes. The dental fricatives, represented by the letters þ plus ð disappeared within the Norwegian code commonly merging with their equal plosive sounds, represented by t plus d respectively.

Old Norse is a North Germanic code that has been talked by inhabitants of Scandinavia plus inhabitants of their overseas settlements throughout the Viking Age, till regarding 1300.

Proto-Norse developed into Old Norse by the 8th century, plus Old Norse started with develop into the contemporary North Germanic languages inside the mid- with late 14th century, ending the code stage recognised as Old Norse. These dates, but, are not absolute, because created Old Norse is found perfectly into the 15th century.

Old Norse was separated into 3 dialects: Old East Norse, Old West Norse, plus Old Gutnish. Old West plus East Norse created a dialect continuum, without obvious geographical boundary between them. For instance, Old East Norse traits were found inside eastern Norway, though Old Norwegian is categorized because Old West Norse, plus Old West Norse traits were found inside western Sweden. Most speakers talked Old East Norse inside what exactly is modern Denmark plus Sweden. Old Gutnish, the more unknown dialectal branch, is occasionally included inside the Old East Norse dialect due with geographical associations. It developed its own specific qualities plus shared inside changes with both different divisions.

The 12th-century Icelandic Gray Goose Laws state which Swedes, Norwegians, Icelanders plus Danes talked the same code, dǫnsk tunga. Another expression utilized, employed specifically commonly with reference with West Norse, was norrÂœnt mál. Today Old Norse has developed into the contemporary North Germanic languages, plus though distinct languages there continues to be considerable mutual intelligibility.

In certain cases the expression Old Norse pertains especially with Old West Norse.

The Norwegian code conflict is an continuous controversy in Norwegian culture plus politics associated with talked plus created Norwegian. From the 16th with the 19th centuries, Danish was the standard created code of Norway due with Danish tip. As a happen, the development of contemporary created Norwegian has been topic with controversy associated with nationalism, remote vs urban, Norway's literary history, dialect vs standard code, spelling reform, plus orthography.

In the United Kingdoms of Denmark plus Norway, the official code was Danish. The urban Norwegian upper class talked Dano-Norwegian, a shape of Danish with Norwegian pronunciation plus additional minor regional variations. After the 2 nations split inside 1814, Dano-Norwegian stayed the official code of Norway plus evolved slowly with incorporate Norwegian types. In the early 20th century, a more activist approach with created Norwegian was adopted inside public plan, leading with reforms with reflect Norwegian urban plus remote vernacular. Initially, the Norwegian successor with Dano-Norwegian was termed as riksmål, nevertheless because 1929, this official created standard has been termed as Bokmål. Later tries with bring it closer with plus eventually merge it with all the alternative Norwegian created standard, Nynorsk, designed found on the basis of Norwegian dialects, have failed due with popular resistance.

The Norwegian code is a North Germanic code talked mainly inside Norway, where it is very an official code. As established by law plus governmental plan, there are 2 official types of created Norwegian — Bokmål plus Nynorsk. There is not a officially sanctioned talked standard of Norwegian, however there is a de facto talked standard of Bokmål termed as Standard Østnorsk. Historically, Bokmål is a Norwegianized range of Danish, whilst Nynorsk is a code shape based about Norwegian dialects plus puristic opposition with Danish.

The today abandoned official plan with merge Bokmål plus Nynorsk into 1 normal code called Samnorsk by the series of spelling reforms has built a broad spectrum of types of both Bokmål plus Nynorsk. The unofficial shape recognised as Riksmål is considered more traditional than Bokmål, as well as the unofficial Høgnorsk is not affected by the Samnorsk plan, unlike Nynorsk. Norwegians are educated inside both their own code shape plus their secondary code form; with all the main focus being about their own code shape. Danish plus Norwegian Bokmål are surprisingly synonymous languages. Many speakers of the 3 Scandinavian languages could read every other's languages without remarkable difficulty. The main difficulties with mutual knowledge are variations inside pronunciation. Spoken dialects fluctuate throughout Scandinavia, however, are generally mutually intelligible throughout all 3 nations, including over nationwide borders.

The earliest samples of non-Danish, Norwegian writing are within the 12th century, with Konungs skuggsjá being the prime illustration. The code used at this time is well-known as Old Norse, plus was popular inside composing inside Norway plus Iceland. The languages of Sweden plus Denmark at this time were not fairly different from which of Norway, plus are usually also known as Old Norse. Although several territorial variations are obvious inside created documents from this time, it really is difficult with learn exactly the divisions between spoken dialects. This interim Norwegian is well-known as center Norwegian.

With the Black Death inside 1349, Norway's economy plus political freedom collapsed, as well as the nation came below Danish guideline. The Norwegian code equally underwent quite extensive changes, losing complex grammatical types plus adopting a unique vocabulary.

The Norwegian created code at this time slowly fell into disuse plus was eventually abandoned completely inside prefer of created Danish, the culminating event being the translation inside 1604 of Magnus the Lawmender's code into Danish. The last illustration found of a authentic Middle Norwegian document is from 1583.

Norwegian dialects, but, lived about plus evolved in the general population because vernacular speech, even because the educated classes slowly adopted a Dano-Norwegian koiné inside speech. Paradoxically, the Norwegian-born author Ludvig Holberg became among the leading exponents of standard created Danish, even because he retained a some distinctly Norwegian types inside his own writing.

In truth, Norwegian writers - even those that were purists of the Danish code - not totally relinquished their native vocabulary plus use inside their writing. Examples include Petter Dass, Johan Nordahl Brun, Jens Zetlitz, plus Christian Tullin. Although Danish was the official code of the realm, Norwegian writers experienced a disparity involving the languages they talked plus wrote.

In 1814, Norway split from Denmark plus adopted its own constitution. It was forced into a unique, however, weaker, union with Sweden, as well as the condition evolved into what follows:

The created code was Danish, though the ruling class known it because Norwegian, that was significant inside purchase with mark Norway's freedom from Sweden.
The ruling class talked Dano-Norwegian. They known it because the cultivated Norwegian code, because opposed with the normal code of employees, craftspeople, plus farmers.
The rest of the population talked Norwegian dialects. These were mostly considered vulgar speech or perhaps a weak attempt at talking 'standard' Norwegian, ignoring or not recognising the truth which they represented a separate development from a popular ancestor, Old Norse.

By the mid-19th century, 2 Norwegian linguistic pioneers had began the function which might influence the linguistic condition to the day. Ivar Aasen, autodidact, polyglot, as well as the founder of contemporary Norwegian linguistics, began studying initially his own dialect from Sunnmøre, plus then your structure of Norwegian dialects on the whole. He was among the initial with describe the development from Old Norse with Modern Norwegian. From this he moved with recommend plus shape a distinctly Norwegian created code he termed landsmål. His function was based about 2 significant principles, inside morphology he selected types that he considered normal denominators from that modern types might be inferred, inside lexicography he used puristic principles plus excluded words of Danish or Middle Low German lineage whenever at minimum certain dialects had preserved synonyms inherited from Old Norse. In 1885, landsmål was adopted because an official created code alongside the Norwegian variation of Danish.

Knud Knudsen, a instructor, worked rather with adjust the orthography more carefully with the spoken Dano-Norwegian koiné recognised as "cultivated daily speech". He argued which the cultivated daily speech was the number one basis for a distinct Norwegian created code, considering the educated classes didn't belong with any certain area, they were many, plus possessed cultural influence. Knudsen was additionally influenced by along with a proponent of the widespread Dano-Norwegian movement for phonemic orthography. The created shape of Norwegian based about his function eventually became termed as riksmål, a expression introduced by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson inside 1899.

As a happen of Knudsen's function, the Parliament of Norway passed the initially orthographical reforms inside 1862, nearly all of that furthermore had its proponents inside Denmark. Though small compared to next reforms, it nevertheless marked a legislative step towards a distinct created standard for Norway. Silent e's were eliminated from created Norwegian, double vowels were no longer chosen with denote extended vowels, k changed the utilization of c, q, plus ch inside many words, plus ph was eliminated inside prefer of f.

Such orthographic reforms continued inside next years, in 1892 the Norwegian department of knowledge approved the initial set of optional types inside the publication of Nordahl Rolfsens Reader for the Primary School. Additionally, inside 1892, nationwide legislation allow every nearby school board the appropriate to determine whether with teach its youngsters inside riksmål plus landsmål.

In 1907, linguistic reforms were extended with include not only orthography and grammar. The characteristic Norwegian "hard" consonants changed Danish "soft" consonants inside writing; consonants were doubled with denote brief vowels; words which inside Norwegian were monosyllabic were spelled which way; plus conjugations associated with neutrum were modified with normal Norwegian use inside cultivated daily speech.

In 1913 Olaf Bull's crime novel Mit navn er Knoph became the initially part of Norwegian literature with be translated from Riksmål into Danish for Danish visitors, therefore underlining the truth which Riksmål was at this point a separate code.

The ascent of the Norwegian Labour Party turned out with be decisive inside passing the 1917 reforms, plus 1 Labour politician - the illustrious Halvdan Koht - was inside the early 1920s asked with develop the party's political platform for the Norwegian code.

Koht was for certain years both the chairperson inside Noregs mållag plus Østlandsk reisning plus clearly deeply immersed found on the problem of code. He published his results inside 1921, plus framed them inside a decidedly political context.

His see, that was with gain currency amidst his other Laborites, was which the urban functioning class plus remote farming class had a convergence of interests inside code, providing rise with the emergent "people's language". He wrote which "The battle for the people's code is the cultural side of the work movement." This idea of convergence led the Labor Party with embrace the best of the synthesis of the 2 key languages into 1 code, built found on the spoken types of the "well-known person", or samnorsk.

From the 1840s, certain writers experimented with a Norwegianised Danish by incorporating words which were descriptive of Norwegian scenery plus folk lifetime, plus adopting a more Norwegian syntax. Knud Knudsen proposed with change spelling plus inflection inside accordance with all the Dano-Norwegian koiné, termed as "cultivated everyday speech." A tiny change inside this way was implemented inside the initial official reform of Danish code inside Norway inside 1862 plus more thoroughly following his death inside 2 official reforms inside 1907 plus 1917.

Meanwhile, a nationalistic movement strove for the development of the fresh created Norwegian. Ivar Aasen, a self-taught linguist, started his function with create a modern Norwegian code at age of 22. He journeyed about the nation, comparing the dialects inside different parts, plus examined the development of Icelandic, that had mostly escaped the affects Norwegian had come beneath. He called his function, that was published inside many books from 1848 with 1873, Landsmål, meaning nationwide code. The name "Landsmål" is often interpreted because "remote language" or "nation code," however this was clearly not Aasen's intended meaning.

The name of the Danish code inside Norway had been a topic of hot dispute by the 19th century. Its proponents stated it had been a code usual with Norway plus Denmark, plus no more Danish than Norwegian. The proponents of Landsmål thought which the Danish character of the code cannot be hidden. In 1899, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson proposed the neutral name Riksmål, meaning nationwide code like Landsmål, plus this was officially adopted together with the 1907 spelling reform. The name "Riksmål" is often interpreted because "state code," nevertheless this meaning is secondary at ideal, compare with Danish rigsmål from where the name was lent.

After the individual union with Sweden was dissolved inside 1905, both languages were developed further plus reached what exactly is today considered their classic types following a reform inside 1917. Riksmål was inside 1929 officially renamed Bokmål, plus Landsmål with Nynorsk. A proposition with replace Dano-Norwegian for Bokmål lost inside parliament with a single vote. The name Nynorsk, the linguistic expression for Modern Norwegian, was selected for compare with Danish plus focus found on the famous connection with Old Norwegian. Today this meaning is usually lost, plus it happens to be commonly mistaken because a "new" Norwegian inside compare with the "real" Norwegian Bokmål.

Bokmål plus Nynorsk were prepared closer with a reform inside 1938. This had been a happen of the state plan with merge Nynorsk plus Bokmål into 1 code, called "Samnorsk". A 1946 poll showed which this plan was supported by 79% of Norwegians at the time. But, opponents of the official plan nonetheless managed with create a huge protest movement against Samnorsk inside the 1950s, fighting inside certain the utilization of "radical" types inside Bokmål text books inside universities. In the reform inside 1959, the 1938 reform was partially reversed inside Bokmål, however Nynorsk was changed further towards Bokmål. Because then Bokmål has reverted even further towards conventional Riksmål, when Nynorsk nonetheless adheres with the 1959 standard. So the tiny minority of Nynorsk fanatics utilizes a more traditional standard called Høgnorsk. The Samnorsk plan had small influence following 1960, plus was officially abandoned inside 2002.

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